• The EU faces limited supply risks for elemental sulphur and sulphuric acid due to Gulf-linked disruptions.

• Imports of downstream sulphuric acid products to the EU, valued at USD 49 billion, are potentially
affected, with 9.4% originating from China—the largest importer of unrefined elemental sulphur from
the Gulf region.

• China has a significant share of EU imports in paper and cellulose, dyes and pigments, pesticides and
herbicides, and inorganic and organic chemicals.

• A further USD 1.4 billion is potentially affected by a Chinese export ban on sulphuric acid, impacting
products that depend on it from regions with significant imports of sulphuric acid from China. These
regions include India, Morocco, Chile, Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia.